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George loves to study history and knows that Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States.This is an example of a(n)


A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) iconic memory.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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James,who was tackled during the last football game he played,has no memory of the game.What is the likely reason?


A) His working memory did not have time to consolidate the information into long-term memory.
B) His sensory memory failed to process the information.
C) His long-term memory has been damaged as a result of being tackled during the game.
D) His short-term memory did not have time to transfer the information into his working memory.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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We are more likely to remember the words "bicycle,cigarette,and fire" than the words "void,process,and inherent." This best illustrates the value of


A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) imagery.
D) iconic memory.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Brandon remembers how to tie his shoes,how to drive a car,and his father teaching him how to ride a bike when he was a young boy.All of this information is contained in his


A) sensory memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as


A) the serial position effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) memory consolidation.
D) flashbulb memory.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences.This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires


A) massed practice.
B) shallow processing.
C) parallel processing.
D) semantic processing.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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When Jason was in high school,he learned from a geography course the locations of various countries around the world.He likely learned this information through


A) effortful processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit processing.
D) explicit processing.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet,then a simple question,then another letter,followed by another question,and so on.People who can consciously process and recall the most letters,despite such interruptions,are demonstrating effective


A) echoic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) working memory.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which form of memory was NOT included in the original Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?


A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is true regarding working memory?


A) Females have a larger working memory capacity than males.
B) Young adults have a larger working memory capacity than children.
C) Males have a larger working memory capacity than females.
D) Children have a larger working memory capacity than adults.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Long-term potentiation refers to


A) the impact of effortful processing on retention.
B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The effortful processing of information


A) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.
B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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When you hear familiar words in your native language,it is virtually impossible not to register the meaning of the words.This best illustrates the importance of


A) effortful processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) the spacing effect.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of


A) the two-track mind.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) sensory memory.
D) semantic processing.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Much of what we sense we never notice.This most clearly leads to


A) proactive interference.
B) storage decay.
C) repressed memories.
D) encoding failure.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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An inability to form semantic memories would most likely result from damage to the


A) basal ganglia.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) hippocampus.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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The eerie sense of having previously experienced a current situation is known as


A) imagination inflation.
B) positive transfer.
C) proactive interference.
D) déjà vu.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Eyewitnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime.This best illustrates


A) the serial position effect.
B) memory consolidation.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) context-dependent memory.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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While wandering through the streets of a foreign city for the first time,Maurice experienced a strange sense of familiarity with the city's landmarks as if he had been in this exact location before.His experience best illustrates


A) anterograde amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) positive transfer.
D) déjà vu.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following


A) priming.
B) the serial position effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) administration of propranolol.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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