A) creation of a standing Roman army.
B) organization and codification of Roman law.
C) construction of the Coliseum.
D) adoption of Christianity.
E) publication of a series of books about Roman history.
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Multiple Choice
A) places of economic import only.
B) founded in cities.
C) places of political,religious,and economic import.
D) places of religious import only.
E) places of political import only.
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Multiple Choice
A) Because the Persians had been defeated in the East,so he could safely launch military expeditions to the West.
B) Because his empire required continuing conquests in order to prosper.
C) Because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire.
D) Because he needed to keep his army as far away from his capital as possible.
E) Because he believed that he should be the head of a unified Christian Church.
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Multiple Choice
A) a revival of the culture of Rome.
B) a revival of the culture of Greece.
C) a revival of the culture of Egypt.
D) more cooperation between Muslim and Christian scholars.
E) a school to train Christian theologians.
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Multiple Choice
A) Orleans.
B) Avignon.
C) Tours.
D) Marseilles.
E) Verdun.
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Multiple Choice
A) the last commander of the Roman legions in the West.
B) the son of a sea monster.
C) the grandfather of England's King Arthur.
D) a Benedictine monk who converted the Franks.
E) a Viking who had settled in northern France and conquered the Lombards.
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Essay
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Multiple Choice
A) a decree by the Umayyad dynasty outlawing discrimination of all kinds.
B) the teachings of the twelfth imam that everyone should be tolerant of everyone else.
C) the origins of the faith where no one could take advantage of anyone else.
D) the teachings of Muhammad,which stressed the equality of all Muslim men.
E) a decree of the Abbasid dynasty outlawing discrimination of all kinds.
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Multiple Choice
A) was careful to observe the distinctions between religious and political authority established by Saint Augustine of Hippo.
B) placed the Frankish church under the control of the pope,while he ruled the kingdom politically.
C) took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.
D) became a monk at the end of his life,thus ensuring his own salvation.
E) established his empire as a theocratic state ruled by the laws set forth in the Bible.
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Multiple Choice
A) make churches more beautiful.
B) strengthen the emperor's control over the Church at the expense of monastic control.
C) strengthen monastic control over the Church at the expense of the bureaucratic control.
D) encourage artisans to produce books rather than images.
E) encourage Orthodox Christians to follow some of the tenets of Islam.
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Multiple Choice
A) citizens of Mecca saw his monotheism as a threat to the significance of the Kaaba.
B) the large number of Christians in Mecca viewed Muhammad as a false prophet.
C) people of other faiths disagreed with the practice of having multiple wives.
D) as a young man,Muhammad committed numerous crimes.
E) the large number of Jews in Mecca refused to worship another god.
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Multiple Choice
A) The coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day,800
B) The First Crusade
C) The Iconoclastic Controversy
D) The Fourth Crusade in 1204
E) The execution of the Byzantine ambassador to Rome in 816
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Essay
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Multiple Choice
A) learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.
B) the Bible could be best appreciated if it were translated into robust French and German idioms.
C) original Latin poetry and epic literature were the highest form of art.
D) proper Christian doctrine should be widely disseminated and heretical beliefs should be strictly punished.
E) to be better Christians,everyone should pray and devote their lives to the Church.
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Multiple Choice
A) Umayyad.
B) Persians.
C) Byzantines.
D) Sunnis.
E) Abbasid.
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True/False
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Multiple Choice
A) worship Muhammad.
B) worship Jesus.
C) respect the prophets of the Jewish,Christian,and Muslim faiths.
D) observe the Five Pillars of Islam.
E) observe the Ten Commandments.
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