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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?


A) All students at the university
B) All psychology majors and minors
C) All students he is currently teaching
D) All students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims?


A) "Having a dark triad personality is associated with having greater relationship problems."
B) "Receiving weekly feedback from your supervisor increases work productivity."
C) "People who report knowing someone who has been diagnosed with skin cancer also report having greater sunscreen use."
D) "Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them."

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity?


A) They also ensure excellent internal validity.
B) They study every member of the population of interest.
C) They use a larger number of measures.
D) All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is:


A) cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not.
B) multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters.
C) cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages.
D) There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is necessary for a sample to be considered representative?


A) All members of the population must be included in the sample.
B) All members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample.
C) All members of the sample belong only to the population of interest.
D) All members of the sample are likely to provide the same data/information.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Why might a researcher choose purposive sampling over systematic sampling?


A) Purposive sampling is always cheaper.
B) External validity is not vital to the researcher's study.
C) Only purposive sampling allows the researcher to study a particular type of participant.
D) The researcher does not have to specify a population of interest ahead of time.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Another term for probability sampling is:


A) purposive sampling.
B) convenience sampling.
C) random sampling.
D) cluster sampling.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling?


A) Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.
B) They both are necessary for frequency claims.
C) They both mean the same thing.
D) Random sampling is more important than random assignment.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample?


A) Snowball sample
B) Convenience sample
C) Purposive sample
D) Systematic sample

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Dr. Parrett is a sports psychologist for a large Southern university. The provost and chancellor have asked him to examine the relationship between athletic performance and academic stress at the university. For example, is it the case that the most talented athletes experience the greatest concern over their grades? The provost and chancellor have made it clear to Dr. Parrett that they want a large amount of external validity in the study. He has valid and reliable measures of both athletic performance and academic stress. He knows that he does not have the time or the money to study the entire population of interest. What is the difference between a cluster technique and a multistage technique? Explain why Dr. Parrett would be advised to use a cluster or a multistage technique rather than a simple random sample.

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A cluster technique involves breaking th...

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Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value?


A) Margin of error
B) Sampling bias
C) Probability value
D) Statistical significance

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following may lead to a biased sample?


A) Using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate
B) Using people who agree to participate
C) Using people who are readily available to the researcher
D) Using people who have participated in other research studies

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Dr. Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity. She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state. There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities. She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime. She collects a sample size of 1,369. She finds that 27% (+/- 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/- 3%) have been convicted of a crime. Dr. Dowling is interviewed by a journalist about the findings of her study. The journalist criticizes the sample size as being too small and says that, because of that, the findings do not really have any real-world meaning. How should Dr. Dowling respond?

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It appears the journalist is confusing s...

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Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr) Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays) . Which of the following is true?


A) This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.
B) This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection.
C) This will lead to a biased sample because the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey.
D) The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask?


A) How many people are in the sample?
B) How was the sample collected?
C) How were the participants measured?
D) How many people are in the population?

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following sampling techniques would you recommend to a researcher interested in studying rare individuals, like people who have been struck by lightning?


A) Snowball sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Convenience sampling

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity?


A) "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?"
B) "Is the sample size sufficiently large?"
C) "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?"
D) "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?"

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Explain why bigger samples are not always better samples.

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Bigger samples are not always better if ...

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Why is the use of representative samples especially important in frequency claims?


A) Frequency claims require very large samples, and representative samples are always large.
B) It is unethical to make frequency claims without representative samples.
C) It is unlikely that the accuracy of estimates can be checked.
D) Representative samples allow for enhanced internal and external validity.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling?


A) They all contain elements of random selection.
B) They all measure every member of the population of interest.
C) They all use lists of all population members.
D) They all rely on large samples.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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