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According to Victor Turner, all rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Of these three, the liminal phase-which is the most interesting-is typically characterized by


A) intensification of the social hierarchy.
B) a forming of an implicit ranking system.
C) the use of secular language.
D) symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior.
E) no change in the social norms.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

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Cargo cults, syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are


A) culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.
B) a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences.
C) cultural acts that mock the widespread but erroneous belief of European cultural supremacy.
D) just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs.
E) antimodernist movements that reject anything Western.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Discuss two cases of religion's role in social change.

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Robert Bellah (1978) coined the term world-rejecting religion to describe most forms of Christianity, including Protestantism. More generally, world-rejecting religions


A) are shamanic religions that reject the encroachment of capitalism and modernity.
B) reject the material world and focus on the body's internal biological balance.
C) are a recent historical phenomenon.
D) tend to reject the natural-the mundane, ordinary, material, secular-world and focus instead on a higher realm of reality.
E) focus on the effects that heavenly bodies such as the moon, sun, and Mars have on social life.

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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Is religion declining or becoming increasingly important in contemporary society? Why? If you believe that religion is declining, what is replacing it?

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What is communitas?


A) a social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged
B) a collective liminality
C) anxiety
D) the Latin word for mana
E) the supernatural

F) C) and E)
G) B) and E)

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The Hindu principle of ahimsa functions to ensure that cattle's milk production is maximized.

A) True
B) False

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