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Osama bin Laden was among the faction of Islamic activists in Saudi Arabia criticizing the regime in the 1990s. What were some of this group's grievances?

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How did the 1990-1991 Gulf War become linked with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?


A) Arabs noted the United States' double standard: Washington pushed to enforce UN resolutions against Iraq, but not against Israel
B) Kuwait had just signed a secret agreement with Israel
C) Kuwait, unlike Iraq, refused to accept any Palestinian refugees
D) Kuwait had just executed a number of terrorists with ties to Hamas

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A

President George H.W. Bush's personalization of his dislike of Saddam Husayn during the 1990-91 Gulf War was most reminiscent of ___________________.


A) the British Government's feelings toward Egypt's Muhammad Ali
B) the British Prime Minister Eden's fixation on Nasser during the Suez crisis
C) Consul-General Lord Cromer's animosity towards the Mahdi of Sudan
D) Yitzhak Shamir's distrust of Yasir Arafat during the same time

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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What reasons did the Iraqi government provide for its invasion of Kuwait in 1990?

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Iraq was encumbered with an enormous amount of debt, much of it owed to Kuwait, which refused to forgive it. Iraq also claimed that by overproducing oil and keeping its price low, Kuwait was waging an economic war on Iraq, which needed high oil prices to rebuild. Because Britain had given Kuwait more territory in the north than the Kuwaiti rulers had traditionally controlled, Iraq had always refused to recognize the existence of the state of Kuwait.

In 1990, negotiations between North and South Yemen cumulated in the unification of the two states as the Republic of Yemen.


A) True
B) False
5 fill-in-the-blank questions
For these questions, select the correct word or phrase to complete the statement.

C) A) and B)
D) undefined

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In 1999, women won and retained full citizenship rights in Kuwait.

A) True
B) False

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The 1990 Gulf War was begun by


A) the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and its annexation
B) the Kuwaiti air assault on Iraq, and Iraq's subsequent invasion
C) the expulsion of 400,000 Palestinians from Kuwait into Iraq
D) Kuwait providing assistance to Iraq Kurds and the subsequent Iraqi invasion

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Why did the British, when defining the Iraq-Kuwait border in 1923, give Kuwait more territory in the north than it traditionally controlled?


A) To reward Kuwait and encourage its further relations with the British
B) To restrict Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf
C) To assure Iran that the British did not favor Iraq over other states
D) All of these answers are correct.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following is true of the intifada?


A) It began as an Islamist youth movement in Gaza in response to the Israeli military accidentally killing Palestinian civilians
B) It began as a unified movement across all strata of Palestinian society
C) From the beginning, it was a top-down effort of the PLO to demand a two-state solution for the Palestinians
D) It began in Gaza with youths protesting the deaths of fellow Palestinians in a road accident with the Israeli military, later broadening to the rest of Palestine

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The Palestinian Intifada achieved its full objectives by 1991.

A) True
B) False

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"Administrative detention" was a practice in Israel that permitted __________________ to be arrested without a warrant and held for up to six months without being charged.

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Which of the following is NOT true of Hamas?


A) It favored the two-state solution between Israel and Palestine
B) It framed its call to action in Islamic terms
C) It came into existence in 1988 as an offshoot from the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood
D) "Hamas" is an Arabic acronym for "Islamic Resistance Movement"

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Why was Saddam Husayn able to retain power despite the economic sanctions on Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War?

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Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the 1992 Saudi Basic Law of Government?


A) It responded to the women's driving protest by expanding certain job opportunities for women in government
B) The law introduced sweeping changes in the process by which the king was chosen
C) It made it possible for younger, foreign educated princes to succeed the king
D) The centrality of the House of Sa‛ud and succession of the royal lineage through male descendants was all reaffirmed

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Iraq was the product of imperial map-making; it did not have any previous national identity.

A) True
B) False

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Why did the United States intervene in the Gulf War?

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Which of the following was NOT true of the Gulf War of 1991?


A) The major Arab countries sided with the United States against their fellow Arab country, Iraq
B) The United States secretly encouraged Iraq to invade Kuwait in order to have a pretext to destroy Saddam Husayn and his weapons of mass destruction
C) The United States was primarily concerned about access to oil
D) Most of the 400,000 Palestinians living in Kuwait fled or were expelled as a result of the war

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Briefly compare the loss of life among Iraqis with that of the US-led coalition during the 1991 Gulf War.

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Who was the prime minister of Israel during the 1980s, who intensified the construction of settlements and adopted new measures designed to isolate and subjugate the Palestinian inhabitants?


A) Yitzhak Rabin
B) Menachem Begin
C) Ariel Sharon
D) Yitzhak Shamir

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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D

Israel did not normally remain passive in the face of Arab threats to its national security. Why did Israel not retaliate with military force against Iraq's attacks on Haifa and Tel Aviv in 1991?

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