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Exam 2: The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science

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Question 21

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Which of these observations of Galileo refuted Ptolemy's epicycles?

A) the complete cycle of Venus's phases
B) the rotation of sunspots across the Sun's surface
C) the revolution of Jupiter's moons around it
D) the craters on the Moon
E) the visibility of many more stars with the telescope

F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

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Question 22

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A circular orbit would have an eccentricity of:

A) 0.
B) between 0 and 0.5.
C) between 0.5 and 1.
D) exactly 1.0.
E) infinity.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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Question 23

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Explain how Kepler's laws allow us to use the motion of an asteroid to find its averagedistance from the Sun.

If the mass of a body were doubled, its gravity would become 4 times stronger.

How does Kepler's First Law refine the Copernican model greatly?

If an asteroid has an orbital period of 8 years, what is its average distance from the Sun,measured in astronomical units (A.U.)? Explain.

Today we rely largely on what technique to precisely measure distances in the solar system?

As originally stated, the Copernican model did no better job of predicting planetary behaviorthan did the Ptolemaic one.

The Law of Universal Gravitation was developed by:

According to Copernicus, the retrograde motion for Mars must occur:

Galileo's observations of the entire phase cycle of Venus proved that Ptolemy's epicyclescould not be correct in keeping Venus between us and the Sun.

Islamic scholars helped preserve the astronomy of Ancient Greece during Europe's Dark Ages.

The orbits of most of the planets in our solar system have eccentricities close to zero.

While both Ptolemy and Copernicus assumed all orbits were ________, Kepler's first lawcorrected this and made planetary motion predictable.

How can astronomers determine the mass of the Sun?

According to Newton's second law, when the same force acts on two bodies, the body with thelarger mass will have the ________ acceleration.

Kepler based his theories on the precise planetary observations of Tycho Brahe.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the rare transits of ________ were critical indetermining the astronomical unit's length.

Newton's Law of Gravity would explain why Saturn, so far from the Sun, moves so slowlyacross the sky.

Which of these was NOT a part of the original Copernican model?