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Exam 18: Developmental Genetics

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Question 21

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Which term refers to the regulatory events that establish a specific pattern of gene activity and developmental fate for a given cell?

A) lysogen
B) differentiation
C) determination
D) gradient regulated
E) attenuation

F) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

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Question 22

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Caenorhabditis elegans is extremely useful as an experimental organism because it has relatively few cells, and, for the most part, each embryonic cell's fate is developmentally fixed.

A) True
B) False

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Question 23

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Drosophila and Arabidopsis use different sets of nonhomologous master regulatory genes to establish the body axis and specify the identity of structures along such an axis.

Provide a brief description of the variable gene activity hypothesis as it relates to development. What information is often provided in support of this hypothesis?

Molecular/structural orientations (gradients) in an egg are thought to play a significant role in development. What is the origin of such gradients? What evidence indicates that the maternal genotype is involved in providing such gradients?

What is the general order of genes involved in determining early Drosophila development?

Which class of genes controls the developmental identity of segments along the anterior-posterior axis?

In Drosophila, maternal-effect genes are influential in determining the anterior-posterior organization of the developing embryo.

Which general genetic process is believed to account for the variety of cellular structures and functions in eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic of the Notch pathway?

How do segment polarity genes relate to pair-rule genes?

Segmentation genes, such as the pair-rule class, are inherited through mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila.

Define determination and differentiation.

What significant conclusion has the classic work on the eyeless and Pax6 genes provided in terms of developmental mechanisms?

Provide an explanation of the differences between differentiation and determination. Provide examples of each process and indicate how each is involved in development.

In Drosophila, the sequential order of the function of segmentation genes is ________.

Three investigators-Nüsslein-Volhard, Wieschaus, and Lewis-won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1995 for work they did in 1970 with Drosophila. Briefly describe their findings.

It is presently believed that the asymmetric distribution of substances in the egg, positioned by the mother, is responsible for establishing the determined state. Which general term describes such molecular positioning?

A homeobox gene is one that produces a group of repetitive base sequences such as a VNTR.

Differentiation is the process whereby a cell's determined state is expressed.