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Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because


A) they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive.
B) endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
C) endospores are significantly smaller than vegetative cells.
D) endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Sedimentation coefficients are proportional to the molecular weight of a particle and are not affected by the volume and shape of the particle.

A) True
B) False

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Square planar arrangement of cells that forms when round bacteria remain attached to each other during reproduction are called


A) streptococci.
B) staphylococci.
C) tetrads.
D) sarcinae.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may


A) consist of a lipid bilayer that lacks integral membrane proteins.
B) consist of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
C) contain sterols such as cholesterol.
D) consist of a lipid monolayer.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Sterol-like molecules called hopanoids are thought to be important for the structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membrane stabilization.

A) True
B) False

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When the cell wall is removed from a Gram-negative bacterium without removing the outer membrane, the resulting form is called a(n) __________.

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